Research report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Research report - Essay Example t also enables companies to cater to the increasing and incessantly changing demands of customers and therefore is considered as a fundamental element of client relationship tactic (Christopher, 2012). It allows managers to make sure that products are being delivered to customers at the right time, place and quantity. They always seek the opportunity to expand their business to those companies that offer them with cheaper source of labour and raw materials in order to decrease their raw materials (Prater, Biehl and Smith, 2001). In addition, their move to expand into a different country is also driven by their urge to cover a greater market (Gunasekaran, Patel and McGaughey, 2004). It is with regards to this fact that the researcher will be reviewing the case of Rolls Royce strategy to choose Singapore as its manufacturing location. This study is inspired by an article published in the Financial Times written by Grant (2014) titled â€Å"Aerospace manufacturers head to Singapore innovation hub.† In this study the researcher will be providing an in-depth explanation of the factors that has driven this move by Rolls Royce managers to shift its manufacturing base to Singapore. The researcher will also be emphasizing on the risks and challenges that needs to be considered by the managers of the company in order to improve its global supply chain performance. Finally, the researcher will be endeavouring to recommend certain strategies that can be implemented by Rolls Royce managers in order to tackle the potential challenges and risks in the company’s international supply chain. Rolls Royce’s decision to shift its manufacturing division to Singapore was driven by a number of reasons associated with the requirement to bring down cost of sales, increase operational and supply chain frequency and meet the growing demand of its customer base. First of all the corporate tax rate is considerably lower in Singapore (17%) (Grant, 2014) when compared to the rate that is

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Freedom Riders Essay Important events in the Civil Rights Movement that occurred between 1942 and 1961, like an article that was written in the Washington Post (may 16 1961 ), and the James Zwerg incident and another things that happened were things like sits in (or lunch ins) boycotts against public transportation and , several peaceful protests. The freedom riders were peaceful protestors, Most of the events that occurred where in the south where there was still a lot of discrimination, inequality and segregation. So when the freedom riders were created people thought they were instigators because the freedom riders were trying to change the way the people in the south were living. A lot of events occurred during the time frame 1942 to 1961, and most of them showed how they were peaceful protestors The Freedom riders were not instigators of peace , they were just people fighting for what believe was right the freedom Riders were taking a stand, and were sought out as instigators of violence because they were changing the way people used to live. An editorial article in washington post on May 16 talks about how Alabama calls itself the â€Å"heart of dixie† which is a saying for places that so kindness and hospitality, the writer for this article is saying how can Alabama have the title of â€Å"heart of Dixie† when it is not fulfilling the name it has been given. The writer goes on to say that â€Å"The freedom riders engaged in no disorderly conduct and did nothing to provoke violence-save to exercise a constitutional right. †, the writer is saying that the Freedom Riders have not done anything wrong and have not provoked violence intensensionally. More evidence showing that the Freedom Riders were not instigators of violence is a statement made to the Department of Justice by Robert F. Kennedy on May 24, 1961 saying that other than the â€Å"Freedom Riders there were people seeking their own goals like curiosity seekers and publicity seekers. those people would act like Freedom Riders but have their own goal in mind and that is what caused the Freedom Riders to be seen as instigators of violence, when in fact they were peaceful protestors. The ‘ Freedom Riders† were peaceful protesters and in the transcript of an interview of a Freedom Rider Arrested in Jackson,Mississippi you will see how there were peaceful and how they were treated wrong. This Freedom Rider talks about how when blacks were coming from down from the north to south they were greatly harassed. When this Freedom Rider was being registered into the Hinds County Penitentiary one of the guards hold him said â€Å" One thing you got to remember is while you’re here, this is Mississippi and if one of my guards says anything to you, you answer ‘yes, sir, no,sir. do you understand,† the Freedom Rider could have said something back to the to guard and stood up for himself but he did not he kept quiet and peaceful showing he was not an instigator or provoker of violence. More evidence can be found in a the Beloit Magazine written in spring of 1989 . in this magazine there is an article about one of the Freedom Ride’s for Ja mes Zwerg. The article takes about how he was assaulted, beaten near death. Zwerg was attack by multiple men and was given no prompt medical attention, He was unconscious in Montgomery Hospital for two and a half days, James Zwerg goes on to say that he would have probably been dead if someone did not interfere and protect him. This shows that the Freedom Riders were peaceful protesters because he could have fought back and had a fight chance , but he chose not to showing that they were peace Some may say that the Freedom Riders were not peaceful protesters , may say that rather the Freedom Riders were Instigators Of violence instead. The Freedom Riders knew what they were getting into , when they tried to change the ways of the people living in the south, and they should have expected to receive discrimination and harassment. In the New york Times ( a Newspaper) there was an article entitled eyes on the prize written on June, 4th 1961, there was an article that basically says that the Freedom Riders have made began to provoke violence, and should stop because they have made their point but, that is invalid because in the whole picture the Freedom Riders ere Peaceful protesters, the Freedom Riders did not finish making their point , yes they knew that the journey of finding peace would be hard they had to make a change. Thats why the Freedom Riders were peaceful protesters. The Freedom Riders were on a journey of finding peaceful in America , and there were a lot of incidents, but for them the incidents were worth it. The Freedom Riders were peaceful protesters because there were so many opportunities that they co uld have retaliated but they chose not to , rather the Freedom Riders choose to keep the peace to the best of their abilities, and that is why they were peaceful protestors.

HPTLC Method for Determination of Edaravone

HPTLC Method for Determination of Edaravone Development and Validation of HPTLC Method for Determination of Edaravone in Bulk and in Injectable Dosage Form A simple, rapid, reliable and accurate high performance thin layer chromatography method has been developed for the estimation of Edaravone in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The chromatographic development was carried out on aluminum plates, pre-coated with silica gel 60 F254, using a mixture of Toluene: Methanol (6:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °v/v) as mobile phase. Detection was carried out densitometrically at 254à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °nm. Theà °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦fvalue of analyte was found to be0.66 ±0.02. The method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification and specificity. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship with Ã… ¸2=0.9995 in the concentration range 200–600à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ng/spot. The % assay (Mean  ± S.D.) was found to be100.27 ±0.72. Accuracy of the method was accessed by percentage recovery and found to be99.77 ±0.71%. The m ethod is new, simple and economical for routine estimation of edaravone in bulk, pre-formulation studies and pharmaceutical formulation rapidly at low cost in routine analysis. Keywords: Edaravone, HPTLC, Pharmaceutical dosage form 1. Introduction Edaravone [EDA] is a neuroprotective agent  used for the purpose of aiding  neurological  recovery  following acut ebrain ischemia and subsequent  cerebral infarction. Chemically, it is 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one. [1]. It is a strong novel free radical scavenger, was developed by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (Osaka, Japan). It acts as a  potentantioxidant, protecting against  oxidative stress  and  neuronal  apoptosis Furthermore, edaravone has anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic, and anti-inflammatory cytokine effects, as well as scavenging free radicals in cardiovascular diseases and stroke, showing protective effects in the heart, vessel, and brain in experimental studies [2-5] Different methods have been reported for the determination of EDA in the bulk drug, in the dosage forms and in biological samples. HPLC [6-7] and potentiometric titrations [8] methods are available for determination of the analyte in bulk drug and formulation. RP-HPLC [9], RP- HPTLC [10] and LC-MS/MS [11] methods are reported for determination in biological samples. The literature survey revealed that HPTLC method is not reported for determination of EDA in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The present study describes the development and validation of a simple, specific, sensitive, accurate, precise, and economical HPTLC method for determination of EDA in bulk and injectable dosage form. The proposed method is optimized and validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines [12,13]. Fig 1: Edaravone 2. Experimental 2.1 Reagents and chemicals Edaravone was kindly gifted from Sun Pharmaceuticals, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. Edaravone injection was obtained from commercial sources within their shelf life period. All the reagents and solvents used were of analytical grade and obtained from Merck Chemicals. 2.2. Instrumentation and chromatographic conditions Chromatography was performed on 20cmÃâ€"10cm aluminum foil plates precoated with 0.2mm layers of silica gel 60 F254 (E. Merck, Germany). The plates were prewashed with methanol and water mixture, dried in the current of dry air and activated at 120 °C for 5min. Samples were applied as bands 6mm wide, by use of a CAMAG (Switzerland) Linomat 5 applicator with a CAMAG microliter syringe. A constant application rate of 150nLs−1was employed. Linear ascending development was performed in a twin-trough glass chamberwith mobile phase consisted of toluene: methanol (6:4 v/v), which gave sharp and symmetrical peak withà °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦f0.66 + 0.02. The optimized chamber saturation time was 15 min at room temperature (25à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"C ±2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"C) and relative humidity60% ±5%. After development, the plates were dried. Densitometric scanning, at 254 nm, was performed with a CAMAG TLC scanner 4 in absorbance mode. The source of radiation was a deuterium lamp emitting a cont inuous UV spectrum in the range of 190–400 nm. 2.3. Preparation of Standard Stock Solution An accurately weighed quantity of 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °mg EDA was transferred to 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °mL volumetric flasks, dissolved in methanol, and volume was made up to mark with the same solvent to obtain a working standard having concentration 1000à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ngà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °ÃŽ ¼L−1. 2.4. Optimization of mobile phase Initially, different ratios of methanol and toluene were tried, but tailing of spots was observed. Finally, the mobile phasecomprising of toluene:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °methanolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °(6:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °v/v) gives good resolution, sharp and symmetrical peak withà °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ ¹value of 0.63 at 254à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °nm. Figure 2: Chromatogram of standard Edaravone: (Rf = 0.63). 3. Result and discussion Validation of HPTLC method: The proposed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines in terms of its linearity, accuracy, specificity, intraday and interday precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). 3.1. Linearity (Calibration Curve) The amount of standard solution equivalent to 200-600 ng/spot of EDA was spotted on the prewashed TLC plates. The plates were developed, dried and scanned as described above. The calibration plot was constructed by plotting peak areas against the corresponding concentrations (ng/spot) of EDA. The linearity of response for EDA was assessed in the concentration range 200-600 ng/spot in terms of slope, intercept and correlation coefficient values. The calibration plot showed the correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.999), the intercept (5.838) and the slope (703.3) over the concentration range of 200-600 ng/spot (Fig. 2). The results of regression analysis are shown inTable 1. 3.2 Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the drug were derived by calculating the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N, i.e., 3.3 for LOD and 10 for LOQ) using the following equations designated by International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines LOD = 3.3 Ãâ€" ÏÆ'/S LOQ = 10 Ãâ€" ÏÆ'/S Where, ÏÆ' = the standard deviation of the response and S = slope of the calibration curve. 3.3 Range Suitable levels of precision and accuracy have been demonstrated between the upper and lower concentration limit of linearity under study. 3.4 Precision: The intra-day and inter-day variation for the determination of EDA was carried out at three different concentration levels 400, 600, 800 ng/spot. Intra-day variations were assessed by analyzing these concentrations in triplicate within a day and inter-day variation was assessed by using the same concentration of drug and analyzing it different days and time. Accuracy: The accuracy of the method was determined by the use of standard addition at three different levels. The pre analyzed sample solution of 400 ng/spot of EDA was spiked with extra amount equivalent to 80 %, 100 % and 120 % of the standard edaravone and the mixtures were analyzed by the proposed method. The experiment was conducted in triplicate. When these solutions were analyzed the recoveries were found to be within acceptable limits (Table 1). Specificity The mobile phase was optimized and it showed good result. There was no interference of diluents and other constituent’s in determining peak purity. This method is specific. Conclusion A new HPTLC method has been developed for the identification and quantification of EDA. Low cost, faster speed, and satisfactory precision and accuracy are the main features of this method. The method was successfully validated as per ICH guidelines and statistical analysis proves that the method is sensitive, specific, and repeatable. It can be conveniently employed for routine quality control analysis of EDA as bulk drug and in marketed injectable formulation. Acknowledgments The authors express their gratitude to Sun Pharmaceuticals Vadodara, Gujarat, India for providing a gift sample of Edaravone, the Management of Pioneer Pharmacy Degree College, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, and Anchrom Test lab Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, Maharastra, India, for providing the necessary facilities. References Japanese Pharmacopoeial Forum, sixteenth edition, March 2012 Vol.21 (1), pp. 701-702. Doherty, Annette M, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 37, Boston: Academic Press. Watanabe T, Tanaka M, Watanabe K, Takamatsu Y, Tobe A,â€Å"Research and development of the free radical scavenger edaravone as a neuroprotectant.Yakugaku Zasshi, March 2004,124(3): 99–111. Higashi Y, Jitsuiki D, Chayama K, Yoshizumi M (January 2006). Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a novel free radical scavenger, for treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery1(1): 85–93. Kikuchi, K.; Miura, N.; Kawahara, K.; Murai, Y.; Morioka, M.; Lapchak, P.; Tanaka, E. Edaravone (radicut), a free radical scavenger, is a potentially useful addition to thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke (review). Biomed. Rep. 2013, 1, 7–12. George Lunn Hplc Methods For Recently Approved Pharmaceuticals A John Wiley Sons, Inc., Publication; P.p 204-206. XIA Ya Jun, ZHANG Xiao Ping Determination of Edaravone Injection by HPLC: Chinese Journal of Pharmaceuticals; Chinese journal of pharmaceuticals; 34; 352-353 ZHANG Fu-Cheng, TIAN Shu -Xia, JIANG Ye Comparison Of Two Potentiometric Titration Determinations Of edaravone [j]; Chinese Journal Of Pharmaceuticals; 2005-09 WEI Min, XIAO Yi (Guangxi Liuzhou Municipal People s Hospital, Liuzhou 545001, China); Determination of the Concentration of Edaravone in Human Serum by RP-HPLC [J]; China Pharmacy; 2007-08 M. Gandhimathi, M. Saravana Kumar, R. Baghla and T. K. Ravi RP-HPTLC Method for theIn VitroEstimation of Edaravone in Human PlasmaIndian Pharmaceutical Association Convention Volume: 72Issue: 2 P.p: 276-282 GU Li-Qiang XIN Yan-Fei ZHANG Sheng WEN Lei YANG Shi-Bao, HU Xiao-ling, XUAN Yao-Xian; Determination of edaravone in plasma of Beagle dog by LC-MS/MS [A]; [C]; 2009 ICH-Guidelines Q2A, â€Å"Validation of Analytical Procedures: Definition and terminology,† (CPMP III/5626/94), Geneva, Switzerland, 1995. ICH-Guidelines Q2B, â€Å"Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology,† (CPMP/ICH/281/95) Geneva, Switzerland 1996.

The Emperor?s New Clothes :: essays research papers

‘The Emperor's New Clothes’ is a tale of an emperor who was exceptionally fond of new clothes. Two swindlers came one day and claimed that they were weavers and said that they could weave the finest cloth ever seen. They claimed that the colours and patterns were not only exceptionally beautiful, but the clothes made from this material possessed the wonderful quality of being invisible to anyone who was hopelessly stupid or incompetent. They were paid handsomely to weave this cloth and given a room to work, as the emperor wanted to wear his new robes in an upcoming parade. When they decided that they had finished ‘weaving’, the emperor sent in his ministers to judge the quality of the cloth. The ministers, not wanting to lose their respected positions, told the emperor that it was magnificent when they could not see it at all. The emperor, believing his ministers could actually see the robes, and not wanting to seem a fool, paraded in the streets wearing th e new clothes, which were, of course, non-existent. The public admired the emperor’s clothes, for they too did not want to be labelled fools; only a child came out and said that the emperor was actually wearing nothing at all. Upon this outburst, the rest of the public realized that this was true, and the emperor finished the parade in shame for his stupidity of believing the two swindlers in the first place. One of the morals of this fairytale would be to not succumb to peer pressure. Had the emperor not cared about looking like a fool in front of his ministers, he would have declared that he could see nothing, and would have asked whether the ministers could actually see anything. Another moral would be to always give your honest opinion.

The Autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi

The autobiography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, subtitled The Story of My Experiments With Truth, focuses on Gandhi's struggles for non-violence and civil disobedience through the acts of Satyagraha, literally meaning â€Å"holding firmly to truth. † In each of the chapters, he talks about instances in life in which he had struggled with Truth, considering Truth being the ultimate source of energy. The question many might ask is: how can one who is so skinny, one who had to live with a stick throughout his struggles, get such energy?It was because of his experiments and the trials that Gandhi developed dietetics, non-violence, hydropathy, naturopathy etc. After finishing his studies in England, he came to South Africa where he changed from a typical lawyer to one who was remarkable. It's more surprising that with the ideologies he produced from studying law, eastern and western philosophy, he kept them all by his side and followed them to the extreme. He was conservative to h is thoughts in any situation and in following them perhaps, to some, inflexibly so.One reason I become overwhelmed by Gandhi is his simplicity, wearing a single dhoti (an Indian clothing) and living solely by vegetables. Even when he was or his son was on his deathbed, he insisted that eating anything other than vegetables was wrong. He considered that through those necessities — in line with his teachings — it is possible that one can live freely. This means one can live without food or drink, without anger or desire, if they are to follow a simple code of behavior.This book thus teaches one in practical life on how to live without any of the material needs. ? – â€Å"I cannot attain freedom by a mechanical refusal to act, but only by intelligent action in a detached manner. This struggle resolves itself into an incessant crucifixion of the flesh so that the spirit may become entire free. † – â€Å"That freedom is attainable only through slow and painful stages. † – â€Å"A reformer cannot afford to have close intimacy with him whom he seeks to reform – â€Å"he who would be friends with God must remain alone, or make the whole world his friend. – on actively forgiving sin: â€Å"Man, as soon as he gets back his consciousness of right, is thankful to the Divine mercy for the escape. † – â€Å"When such Ahimsa [non-violence] becomes all-embracing, it transforms everything it touches. There is no limit to its power. † – On monastic changes to his life: â€Å"Let not the reader think that this living made my life by any means a dreary affair. On the contrary the change harmonized my inward and outward life. It was also more in keeping with the means of my family. My life was certainly more truthful and my soul knew no bounds of joy. † ?

Free Essays on Premature Birth

A baby is considered born prematurely if he/she is born more than 3 weeks before his/her due date. About 10% of babies will arrive early. One in eight women will give birth too early-before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The one thing about premature babies is that they have had less time to fully develop and mature in the womb. Preemies are more often at an increased risk of medical and developmental problems and one of the biggest is underdeveloped lungs. If you go into labor early, your doctor will try to delay your baby’s birth. The longer the baby stays in the womb it is giving your baby’s lungs a better chance of becoming more mature. The outlook for premature infants has improved dramatically in recent years. Babies now born as early as 23 weeks now have a good survival chance because of the great advances that has been made for the care of premature infants. We all know that it is best for a baby to stay in the womb for as long as possible to being full term, but being able to recognize the signs of premature labor may help you prevent your baby from being born too soon. The following signs and symptoms can occur as early as four months before you are due to delivery: * regular contractions of your uterus * light vaginal spotting or bleeding * menstrual type or abdominal cramps * low dull back pain * watery discharge from your vagina, this may be amniotic fluid, if so then it is a sign that the membranes around your baby have ruptured * a feeling of pressure in your pelvis as if your baby is pressing down If you at all suspect your in premature labor but yet you have not had a watery discharge, drink two or three glasses of water and then lie down on your left side. This will help improve the circulation to your uterus. About half of the women who go into labor early do so for unkown reasons or you may also have a medical condition that will contribute to the onset of early labor. Some of... Free Essays on Premature Birth Free Essays on Premature Birth A baby is considered born prematurely if he/she is born more than 3 weeks before his/her due date. About 10% of babies will arrive early. One in eight women will give birth too early-before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The one thing about premature babies is that they have had less time to fully develop and mature in the womb. Preemies are more often at an increased risk of medical and developmental problems and one of the biggest is underdeveloped lungs. If you go into labor early, your doctor will try to delay your baby’s birth. The longer the baby stays in the womb it is giving your baby’s lungs a better chance of becoming more mature. The outlook for premature infants has improved dramatically in recent years. Babies now born as early as 23 weeks now have a good survival chance because of the great advances that has been made for the care of premature infants. We all know that it is best for a baby to stay in the womb for as long as possible to being full term, but being able to recognize the signs of premature labor may help you prevent your baby from being born too soon. The following signs and symptoms can occur as early as four months before you are due to delivery: * regular contractions of your uterus * light vaginal spotting or bleeding * menstrual type or abdominal cramps * low dull back pain * watery discharge from your vagina, this may be amniotic fluid, if so then it is a sign that the membranes around your baby have ruptured * a feeling of pressure in your pelvis as if your baby is pressing down If you at all suspect your in premature labor but yet you have not had a watery discharge, drink two or three glasses of water and then lie down on your left side. This will help improve the circulation to your uterus. About half of the women who go into labor early do so for unkown reasons or you may also have a medical condition that will contribute to the onset of early labor. Some of...